The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a commonly-used protocol to manage the security of message transmission on the Internet. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) uses a program layer located between the Internet’s Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP) layers.

There can be some issues faced by you after an SSL certificate installation for you website. One of the issue can be wherein you may not be able to access your website after a SSL certificate installation.

SSL installation requires a DNS change of your domain A record and thus this error occurs. After a successful SSL certificate installation you might be resolving your domain with the old DNS settings. Normally these changes should take place immediately but there is a possibility to access you website using cached DNS information.

We recommend you to check the website after few hours for the DNS changes to take effect. You will then be able to access your website conveniently without any issues.

Also we suggest you to clear up all your browser’s cache and local DNS cache. If the problem continues, you can contact the support department for your web hosting services provider or the SSL certificate provider for further assistance.

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LDAP is a short hand for Light weight Directory Access Protocol. It is a standard protocol used by the application to access the information in a directory. It runs over TCP and can used a standalone LDAP directory service which has a backend X.500.

The LDAP service model is based on the number of Entries. An entry is a collection of the attributes which describes it. Each attribute has unique characteristics which contains name, type and many more.

A LDAP directory tree often reflects geographic and organization concerns. In LDAP directories the entries are arranged in tree structure, which starts at root and goes till leaf. At the top level it represents the larger organizations. This larger directories contains smaller organization. Each entry has a distinguished name. The DN(Distinguished Name) consists of unique and a path of the names that trace till the root.

Working:

LDAP is based on Client - server model. In which the LDAP server provides the directory service while the clients use the directory service to access the directory.

Some of the operations of the LDAP directories.

1.     Search and Retrieve the entries.

2.    Updating the entries.

3.    Renaming , adding and deleting the entries.

To perform the operations the client has to establish the connection with the server. It uses the TCP/IP and port no 389 (sever can run on different ports). It has a very simplified authentication process.

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TCP/IP Model :  This model is a description framework of internet protocols. It is also called as Internet protocol suite. This model is a later invention after the original model OSI model with 7 layers. TCP/IP contains 4 layers. It was developed by the defense ministry of United states in 1970. This model is also referred as Internet model or Dod model. TCP/IP is the short hand for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol.

Take a look at this diagram how the data is encapsulated at each layer.

The TCP (Transmission Control Protocol )  operates at transport layer of the Internet protocol suite and provides the network devices with reliable and secured communication facilities. Applications of TCP include Email and file transfer.

IP (Internet Protocol) is a networking protocol used for communicating data over a packet-switched network. It operates on the Internet layer of the protocol suite and facilitates the delivery of datagrams based on the IP Address of the network hosts.

Indeed, TCP/IP protocol suite is the core of communication and computing over the Internet.

It gives set of guidelines to communicate over the network and also implements certain networking protocols to help computers communicate over the network. The model shows the end to end connectivity between the source and destination specifying how the data is formatted, addressed, transmitted and received to the destination.

Although this model is always compared with the OSI reference model , this model is descriptive and not a reference model as OSI is.

Layers in TCP/IP Model:

Application Layer: This layer works where the high level protocols reside. It defines how the host programs interface with the transport layer services to use the network efficiently. It defines the application protocols.

Transport Layer: This layer provides the communication management between the communicating computers. It is responsible to establish and take care of the sessions between the hosts.It is the most important layer and basically uses two protocols

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol - Connection oriented

UDP: User datagram Protocol - Connection less.

Internet Layer: This layer is responsible to encapsulate the data into the IP datagrams which contains the source and destination IP address information useful for routing. It performs the routing of the IP datagrams over the networks.

Link Layer/ network Interface Layer: This is the last layer of the model and it specifies the details how the data is actually and physically transmitted over the network. It includes the electrical specification of the data that is transmitted, how the bits are signaled by the hardware.

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